One of the most reliable ways to lose marks in C5-2 is to mix up the seven design principles with the four UX characteristics, or to count usability once in each list and assume you have covered both. These are two distinct frameworks defined in the study design — you must use the right name from the right list at the right time.

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| Design Principles (7 items) | UX Characteristics (4 items) |

|---|---|

| Alignment | Affordance |

| Balance | Interoperability |

| Contrast | Security |

| Space | Usability |

| Text formatting | |

| Usability | |

| Navigation | |

Notice that **Usability appears in both lists** — but it means slightly different things in each context:

- As a **design principle**, usability is about the visual and structural choices that make an interface easy to operate: consistency, clear feedback, error prevention.

- As a **UX characteristic**, usability is the overall ease-of-use measure across efficiency, effectiveness and satisfaction.

If you annotate a mock-up by saying "I applied usability by making the buttons large", you have referenced the design principle. If your design log entry says "The high usability of this interface is demonstrated by the 3-second task completion in user testing", you are addressing the UX characteristic.

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The C5-2 rubric builds from listing to identifying to describing to documenting to demonstrating. The key verb for each band applies to **both lists**:

| Band | What you must do |

|---|---|

| 1–2 | List items from each list that you considered |

| 3–4 | Briefly **identify** how design principles appear in your mock-ups |

| 5–6 | **Describe** how design principles appear — with reference to appearance and functionality |

| 7–8 | **Document** how relevant UX characteristics have been applied — this is where you bring in affordance, interoperability, security and usability with specific evidence |

| 9–10 | **Demonstrate and explain** — argue that your choices produce the UX outcomes, not just that you made the choices |

The 9–10 band specifically requires you to work across both lists in a connected way. An annotation that says "I used contrast (design principle) to make the login button more visible, improving affordance (UX characteristic) for first-time users" is the kind of cross-list reasoning VCAA is checking for.

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The Annotation validation has six slots. Slot five requires you to use **one design principle and one UX characteristic** in a single annotation entry. If you write two design principles and call one of them a UX characteristic, the slot is marked empty regardless of the quality of your writing.

Checklist for each annotation slot:

- [ ] Named the design principle correctly (from the list of 7)

- [ ] Named the UX characteristic correctly (from the list of 4) — if required for this slot

- [ ] Described how the principle was applied in terms of **appearance or functionality** (not just "I used it")

- [ ] Used the correct verb level for the band you are targeting

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"UX" is not on either list. The study design names four specific UX characteristics. You must name the one you mean: affordance, interoperability, security or usability.

Alignment and contrast are design principles, not UX characteristics. A marker reading this loses confidence in your vocabulary immediately.

Because usability appears in both lists, students sometimes write one sentence and consider both boxes ticked. You need separate evidence: one piece of annotation evidence for usability as a design-principle decision, and a different piece showing the UX-characteristic measure of how easy your system actually is to use.

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- [Isaac Computer Science — Design Principles (GCSE)](https://isaaccomputerscience.org/concepts/gcse_design_principles) — clear breakdown of individual design principles with self-test questions; UK origin, terminology maps directly to VCE

- C05 Resources: [external reading and resources](/sd/Resources/C05-Resources)

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